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GH-40386: [Python] Fix except clauses (#40387)



### Rationale for this change

See #40386, these changes are necessary for compatibility with Cython 3.0.9

### What changes are included in this PR?

This PR removes unnecessary `noexcept` clauses.

### Are these changes tested?

Covered by existing builds.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* GitHub Issue: #40386

Authored-by: Vyas Ramasubramani <vyasr@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>