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GH-39303: [Archery][Benchmarking] Allow setting C++ repetition min time (#39324)

### Rationale for this change

We want to be able to increase the number of repetitions for each C++ micro-benchmark without increasing the total runtime.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add a `--repetition-min-time` argument to set the repetition duration in seconds
* Add a `--cpp-benchmark-extras` argument to pass arbitrary arguments to Google Benchmark executables
* Add a couple tests with multiple benchmark repetitions

### Are these changes tested?

Not entirely. Command-line argument passing is not unit-tested.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #39303

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>