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GH-37203: [MATLAB] Remove unused feather V1 MEX infrastructure and code (#37204)


### Rationale for this change

Now that `featherread` and `featherwrite` have been re-implemented in terms of the new MATLAB Interface APIs (#37163 and #37047), we can remove the unused feather V1 MEX infrastructure and code. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Deleted the following source and header files that are specific to the feather V1 MEX implementation: 
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/feather_functions.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/feather_reader.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/feather_writer.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/matlab_traits.h`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/util/handle_status.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/feather/util/unicode_conversion.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/mex/call.cc`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/mex/mex_functions.h`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/mex/mex_util.[cc][h]`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/mex/mex_util_test.cc`
    - `arrow/matlab/src/cpp/arrow/matlab/api/visibility.h`

2. Deleted the following feather V1 MEX-specific build infrastructure files: 
    - `arrow/matlab/build_support/common_vars.m`
    - `arrow/matlab/build_support/compile.m`
    - `arrow/matlab/build_support/test.m`

3. Removed all feather V1 MEX-specific logic from the `arrow/matlab/CMakeLists.txt` file.

### Are these changes tested?

No tests are needed. The old feather V1 MEX specific implementation is unused code.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

### Future Directions

1. Review the back-log of stale tasks/issues that are no longer actionable and close them. For example, #27758 has already been implemented and submitted with a different issue attached. 
* Closes: #37203

Lead-authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Co-authored-by: Kevin Gurney <kgurney@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Gurney <kgurney@mathworks.com>