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GH-45361: [CI][C++] Curate `ci/vcpkg/vcpkg.json` (#45081)

### Rationale for this change

Our CI config for vcpkg declares superfluous Boost dependencies.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by existing CI tests.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45361

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>