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GH-45190: [C++][Compute] Add rank_quantile function (#45259)

### Rationale for this change

Add a "rank_quantile" function following the Wikipedia definition:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile_rank

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, an additional compute function.

* GitHub Issue: #45190

Lead-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Rossi Sun <zanmato1984@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>