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ARROW-14815 [R] bindings for `lubridate::semester()`

Once this PR is merged the following code snippet will be valid

``` r
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(dplyr))
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(lubridate))
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(arrow))

df <- tibble(
  dates = as.Date(c("2021-04-30", "2021-07-31", "2021-10-31", "2021-01-31"))
  )
df %>%
  record_batch() %>%
  mutate(
    semester_without_year = semester(dates),
    semester_with_year = semester(dates, with_year = TRUE)) %>%
  collect()
#> # A tibble: 4 × 3
#>   dates      semester_without_year semester_with_year
#>   <date>                     <int>              <dbl>
#> 1 2021-04-30                     1              2021.1
#> 2 2021-07-31                     2              2021.2
#> 3 2021-10-31                     2              2021.2
#> 4 2021-01-31                     1              2021.1
```

and identical with the `lubridate` result:
``` r
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(dplyr))
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(lubridate))

df <- tibble(
  dates = as.Date(c("2021-04-30", "2021-07-31", "2021-10-31", "2021-01-31"))
  )
df %>%
  mutate(
    semester_without_year = semester(dates),
    semester_with_year = semester(dates, with_year = TRUE))
#> # A tibble: 4 × 3
#>   dates      semester_without_year semester_with_year
#>   <date>                     <int>              <dbl>
#> 1 2021-04-30                     1              2021.1
#> 2 2021-07-31                     2              2021.2
#> 3 2021-10-31                     2              2021.2
#> 4 2021-01-31                     1              2021.1
```

<sup>Created on 2022-02-15 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v2.0.1)</sup>

Closes #12429 from dragosmg/lubridate_semester

Authored-by: Dragoș Moldovan-Grünfeld <dragos.mold@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>