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GH-35974: [Go] Don't panic if importing C Array Stream fails (#35978)

### Rationale for this change
Panicking is rude.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Import C Array Stream schemas up front and report the error.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

`ImportCArrayStream` (which cannot fail, only panic) is deprecated in favor of `ImportCRecordReader` (which can return an error).
* Closes: #35974

Authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>