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GH-41262: [Java][FlightSQL] Implement stateless prepared statements (#41237)



### Rationale for this change

Expand the number of implemented languages for stateless prepared statements to include Java.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update FlightSqlClient and include a stateless server implementation example with tests.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, tests are added to cover a stateless server implementation.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

There is a modified FlightSqlClient that is required to enable use of stateless prepared statements.

* GitHub Issue: #41262

Lead-authored-by: Steve Lord <steve.lord@dremio.com>
Co-authored-by: Mateusz Rzeszutek <rzeszut@pm.me>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>