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GH-39246: [CI][GLib][Ruby] Use Ubuntu 22.04 not 20.04 (#39247)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 20.04 ships Ruby 2.7 but it reached EOL.
Bundler 2.5.0 or later requires Ruby 3.0 or later.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use Ubuntu 22.04 that ships Ruby 3.0.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #39246

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>