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GH-37650: [Python] Check filter inputs in FilterMetaFunction (#38075)

### Rationale for this change
Prevent a segfault upon passing a non-(chunked_)array object into `Table.filter`. See #37650.

### What changes are included in this PR?
1. Check filter Datum kind to make sure that it is an array or a chunked array
2. test that attempting to filter a table with another table raises a not implemented error

### Are these changes tested?
In PyArrow, yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?
Raises an error if a non-array or non-chunked_array object is passed into `Table.filter`

* Closes: #37650

Lead-authored-by: Patrick Clarke <prclarke@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>