arrow

ARROW-16407: [R] Extend `parse_date_time` to cover hour, dates, and minutes components (#13196)

This PR improves `parse_date_time()` by:
* adding support for orders with the hours, minutes, and seconds components
* adding support for unseparated strings ([ARROW-16446](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16446))
* supporting the `exact` argument:
    * allows users to pass `exact = TRUE` in which case the `orders` are taken as they are (they are considered `formats` and passed to `strptime`)
    * `exact = FALSE` implies `formats` are derived from `orders`
* allowing the `truncated` argument
    * denotes number of formats that might be missing. For example, passing an `order` like `ymd_HMS` and a value of 1 for `truncated` will attempt parsing with both `ymd_HMS` and `ymd_HM` orders  
* erroring when the user passes `quiet = FALSE` 
* improves the utility function used to generate `formats` (which are then passed on to `strptime`) from `orders`
    * less hard-coding and increased ability to deal with different orders and separators 

the `ymd HMS` orders (and variants) will parse correctly:
``` r
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(lubridate, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(arrow, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

test_df <- tibble(
  x = c("2011-12-31 12:59:59", "2010-01-01 12:11", "2010-01-01 12", "2010-01-01")
)

test_df %>%
  mutate(
    y = parse_date_time(x, "Ymd HMS", truncated = 3)
  )
#> # A tibble: 4 × 2
#>   x                   y                  
#>   <chr>               <dttm>             
#> 1 2011-12-31 12:59:59 2011-12-31 12:59:59
#> 2 2010-01-01 12:11    2010-01-01 12:11:00
#> 3 2010-01-01 12       2010-01-01 12:00:00
#> 4 2010-01-01          2010-01-01 00:00:00

test_df %>%
  arrow_table() %>% 
  mutate(
    y = parse_date_time(x, "Ymd HMS", truncated = 3)
  ) %>% 
  collect()
#> # A tibble: 4 × 2
#>   x                   y                  
#>   <chr>               <dttm>             
#> 1 2011-12-31 12:59:59 2011-12-31 12:59:59
#> 2 2010-01-01 12:11    2010-01-01 12:11:00
#> 3 2010-01-01 12       2010-01-01 12:00:00
#> 4 2010-01-01          2010-01-01 00:00:00
```

<sup>Created on 2022-05-19 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v2.0.1)</sup>

`exact = TRUE` can also be used:
<details>

``` r
library(arrow, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(lubridate, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

test_df <- tibble(
  x = c("11/23/1998 07:00:00", "6/18/1952 0135", "2/25/1974 0523", "9/07/1985 01", NA)
)

test_df %>%
  mutate(
    parsed_x =
      parse_date_time(
        x,
        c("%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S", "%m/%d/%Y %H%M", "%m/%d/%Y %H"),
        exact = TRUE
      )
  )
#> # A tibble: 5 × 2
#>   x                   parsed_x           
#>   <chr>               <dttm>             
#> 1 11/23/1998 07:00:00 1998-11-23 07:00:00
#> 2 6/18/1952 0135      1952-06-18 01:35:00
#> 3 2/25/1974 0523      1974-02-25 05:23:00
#> 4 9/07/1985 01        1985-09-07 01:00:00
#> 5 <NA>                NA

test_df %>%
  arrow_table() %>% 
  mutate(
    parsed_x =
      parse_date_time(
        x,
        c("%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S", "%m/%d/%Y %H%M", "%m/%d/%Y %H"),
        exact = TRUE
      )
  ) %>%
  collect()
#> # A tibble: 5 × 2
#>   x                   parsed_x           
#>   <chr>               <dttm>             
#> 1 11/23/1998 07:00:00 1998-11-23 07:00:00
#> 2 6/18/1952 0135      1952-06-18 01:35:00
#> 3 2/25/1974 0523      1974-02-25 05:23:00
#> 4 9/07/1985 01        1985-09-07 01:00:00
#> 5 <NA>                NA
```

<sup>Created on 2022-05-20 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v2.0.1)</sup>
</details>

Authored-by: Dragoș Moldovan-Grünfeld <dragos.mold@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Alessandro Molina <amol@turbogears.org>