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GH-38017: [Go][FlightSQL] Increment types handled by internal converter (#38028)

### Rationale for this change
This PR targets flightsql.Driver, that complies with sql.Driver interface, from the stdlib. <br>

The driver has a resultset iterator: the type [Rows](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7d834d65c37c17d1c19bfb497eadb983893c9ea0/go/arrow/flight/flightsql/driver/driver.go#L39). <br>

The method [Rows.Next()](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/7d834d65c37c17d1c19bfb497eadb983893c9ea0/go/arrow/flight/flightsql/driver/driver.go#L81), which populates the next row of data, lacks handling/treatment of some common types, as described in the [issue](https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/38017). <br>

### What changes are included in this PR?
This PR includes the missing common basic data types for Rows.Next() method. <br>

### Are these changes tested?
The driver is already tested, but I also included unitary tests that cover not only the new types, but all the implemented types. <br>

### Are there any user-facing changes?
All the contracts and signatures, and the current types were preserved. <br>

Closes #38017 

Authored-by: miguel pragier <miguel.pragier@ebnerstolz.de>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>