arrow

GH-39990: [Docs][CI] Add sphinx-lint for docs linting (#40022)

### What changes are included in this PR?

This adds developer tooling to the repo for linting the docs by adding the sphinx-lint tool to archery and our pre-commit hooks. In both locations, only two rules are enabled at the moment (Discussed in https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/40006): `trailing-whitespace` and `missing-final-newline`.

This PR also fixes the individual issues covered by the new tooling. 

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, though manually. I tested this works by running `archery lint --docs` and `pre-commit` without and without changes that should get caught by the rules. It works as expected.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes,

1. Developers that use pre-commit hooks will see a change in behavior when they modify docs
2. Developers using archery will see a new --docs option in `archery lint`
3. Developers working on the docs may see CI failures related to the new checks

* Closes: #39990
* GitHub Issue: #39990

Authored-by: Bryce Mecum <petridish@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Bryce Mecum <petridish@gmail.com>