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GH-37670: [C++] IO FileInterface extend from enable_shared_from_this (#37713)



### Rationale for this change

S3 `FlushAsync` might has lifetime problem, this patch fixes that.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Move `enable_shared_from_this` to `FileInterface`
2. Update S3 `FlushAsync`
3. Implement sync Flush to avoid call `share_from_this` in dtor.

### Are these changes tested?

no

### Are there any user-facing changes?

no

* Closes: #37670

Lead-authored-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mwish <1506118561@qq.com>
Co-authored-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>