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GH-34053: [C++][Parquet] Write parquet page index (#34054)

### Rationale for this change

Parquet C++ reader supports reading page index from file, but the writer does not yet support writing it.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Parquet file writer collects page index from all data pages and serializes page index into the file.

### Are these changes tested?

Not yet, will be added later.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

`WriterProperties::enable_write_page_index()` and `WriterProperties::disable_write_page_index()` have been added to toggle it on and off.
* Closes: #34053

Authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>