arrow

ARROW-15109: [Python] Add show_info() to print build, component, and system info

It's helpful to know which optional components are enabled, particularly if the user has done a custom build of PyArrow. This is inspired by the `arrow_info()` function in the R bindings.

I'm open to other suggestions of info to include.

## Example Output

<details open>
  <summary>Before</summary>

```sh
pyarrow version info
--------------------
Package kind: not indicated
Arrow C++ library version: 6.0.1
Arrow C++ compiler: Clang 11.1.0
Arrow C++ compiler flags: -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fPIE -fstack-protector-strong -O2 -pipe -stdlib=libc++ -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -std=c++14 -fmessage-length=0 -isystem /Users/willjones/.pyenv/versions/miniforge3/include -fdebug-prefix-map=/Users/runner/miniforge3/conda-bld/arrow-cpp-ext_1637415641039/work=/usr/local/src/conda/arrow-cpp-6.0.1 -fdebug-prefix-map=/Users/willjones/.pyenv/versions/miniforge3=/usr/local/src/conda-prefix -Qunused-arguments -fcolor-diagnostics -O3 -DNDEBUG
Arrow C++ git revision:
Arrow C++ git description:
```
</details>

<details open>
  <summary>After</summary>

```sh
❯ python -c "import pyarrow; pyarrow.show_info()"
pyarrow version info
--------------------
Package kind              : not indicated
Arrow C++ library version : 7.0.0-SNAPSHOT
Arrow C++ compiler        : AppleClang 13.0.0.13000027
Arrow C++ compiler flags  :  -Qunused-arguments -fcolor-diagnostics -ggdb -O0
Arrow C++ git revision    : f738b7d025546d594f4196707aed946b3ee3c4c0
Arrow C++ git description : apache-arrow-7.0.0.dev-422-gf738b7d02-dirty

Platform:
  OS / Arch           : Darwin arm64
  SIMD Level          : none
  Detected SIMD Level : none

Memory:
  Default backend     : mimalloc
  Bytes allocated     : 0 bytes
  Max memory          : 0 bytes
  Supported Backends  : mimalloc, jemalloc, system

Optional modules:
  csv                 : Enabled
  cuda                : -
  dataset             : Enabled
  feather             : Enabled
  flight              : Enabled
  fs                  : Enabled
  gandiva             : Enabled
  json                : Enabled
  orc                 : -
  parquet             : Enabled
  plasma              : Enabled

Filesystems:
  HadoopFileSystem    : -
  S3FileSystem        : -
  GcsFileSystem       : -

Compression Codecs:
  brotli              : Enabled
  bz2                 : Enabled
  gzip                : Enabled
  lz4_frame           : Enabled
  lz4                 : Enabled
  snappy              : Enabled
  zstd                : Enabled
```
</details>

Closes #12077 from wjones127/ARROW-15109-show-versions

Authored-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>