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GH-43979: [CI][C++][Dev] Add cpplint to pre-commit (#43982)

### Rationale for this change

cpplint isn't integrated with pre-commit yet.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add cpplint configuration
* Share configuration with pre-commit and cpp/build-support/run_cpplint.py
* Add pre-commit entry

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #43979

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>