arrow

GH-41611: [Docs][CI] Enable most sphinx-lint rules for documentation (#41612)

### Rationale for this change

https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/41611

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Update to pre-commit config to enable all checks except `dangling-hyphen`, `line-too-long` by default
- Associated fix docs

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, by building and looking at the docs locally.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Just docs.
* GitHub Issue: #41611

Authored-by: Bryce Mecum <petridish@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>