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GH-38197: [R] Update actions that used setup-r@v1 to use setup-r@v2 (#38218)

### Rationale for this change

CI jobs that used setup-r@ v1 no longer run without error.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Updated the rchk job to use the `setup-r@ v2`
- Updated the devdocs job to use `setup-r@ v2`. To make this work, we needed to remove the Windows build because it was installing an old version of R. It seems that the job has been running an outdated and unsable (for most users) for a very long time.

### Are these changes tested?

Will be covered by crossbow jobs submitted below.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #38197

Lead-authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@voltrondata.com>
Co-authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@fishandwhistle.net>
Signed-off-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@voltrondata.com>