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GH-39057: [CI][C++][Go] Don't run jobs that use a self-hosted GitHub Actions Runner on fork (#39903)

### Rationale for this change

If jobs that use a self-hosted GitHub Actions Runner on fork are submitted on fork, they will timeout eventually and report noisy failure notifications.

### What changes are included in this PR?

We can't use `jobs.<job_id>.if` to reject jobs that use self-hosted GitHub Actions Runner because `jobs.<job_id>.if` is evaluated before `jobs.<job_id>.strategy.matrix`.

https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_idif

> Note: The `jobs.<job_id>.if` condition is evaluated before
> `jobs.<job_id>.strategy.matrix` is applied.

We can use output `jobs<job_id>.outputs` instead. See also:

* https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/defining-outputs-for-jobs
* https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_idoutputs

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #39057

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>