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GH-38578: [Java][FlightSQL] Remove joda usage from flight-sql library (#38579)

### Rationale for this change

[joda](https://www.joda.org/joda-time/) is a very popular date/time manipulation library for java but the introduction of `java.time` package makes it obsolete and author actually recommends using `java.time` over `joda`

> Note that from Java SE 8 onwards, users are asked to migrate to java.time (JSR-310) - a core part of the JDK which replaces this project.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Change include the use of `java.time` classes over `joda` classes and the removal of `joda` library as a dependency

### Are these changes tested?

As there is no behavior change, it is covered by the existing tests
* Closes: #38578

Authored-by: Laurent Goujon <laurent@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>