onnxruntime

[js/common] use TS type inference to eliminate `unknown` (#23012)

### Description

This change uses a TypeScript trick to infer global types in
onnxruntime-common. Thanks to the strong type system of TypeScript, we
are able to refer to types that may not be available in the context.

This helps to keep onnxruntime-common not to include dependencies like
"@webgpu/types", and still being able to use the types in the
declaration. See comments of `TryGetGlobalType` in `type-helper.ts`.